Synergy and efficiency as routes to specialisation
How do you make towns special and different? If the bonus for each building is always the same there are limitations. So, in conquest of the new world they had a mechanic where each production building gained an efficiency bonus for farms/iron mines equal to the number of tiles of that type, +n% per tile for the first few tiles, n/2% for the next few etc. capping at 40% bonus. The interesting point was that non-synergistic buildings (wood vs iron production) would decrease the bonus by n%.
For example a large farm would be 4 tiles, 4n% bonus to farming if it's your only building. Add in 4 tiles of something else and the bonus is gone. Build another farm only and you have 8n, say if n=2 that's a 16% bonus to production. Causing you to want to specialise your towns without forcing you to do so. It was still good to have say 3 general towns, but new towns you could fund to be only mining towns. Which makes sense.
Perhaps to make things more complicated than a town full of a single building type you could research synergies and then buildings would increase your bonus. So housing buildings wouldn't decrease your focus, and higher level research could allow you to have 2 focuses, massively increasing the production of your older larger cities.
I don't know if I'd like set techs with the set synergy options, or if you should be able to pick a synergy on researching it. Say high level housing could give a 'farmers cottage'/'wizards hovel'/'miners cabin' option on research. After that you can build versions of each form of housing with a 'wizards' prefix or 'of magic' suffix perhaps slightly more expensive but able to boost production of buildings that you can't spam like buildings on shards.
Another option would be which buildings gain from the synergy. If you make your barracks a 'magical' barracks should it gain a bonus for each alchemists lab in the area? if you make it a steel wielding barracks should it gain for every mine and miners hut nearby? I like the idea as a way of making towns feel like they have a simple identity, a mining town... rather than the town near the iron. or magic town, not just town with the fire shard.
Still, 40% is a low enough bonus that's hard enough to achieve that it shouldn't be overpowered. Perhaps racial techs/starting picks could raise the bonus or make synergy easier. Perhaps enough to be significant. Or reduce it to 0 to be complete generalists.