Does population affect research/military production output?

A planet's population affects its tax base, so population + market centers (and farms to raise the cap) = bc. I get that.

But does the population figure into military production and research? For example, would a planet with a population of 8 billion and 4 Xeno labs produce less research output than a planet with a population of 16 billion and 4 Xeno labs?

I'm playing as Terrans, also; with the new-fangled changes in Arnor, that might make a difference, I've gathered.