I don't use Teams, so I am not well versed in the difference between Teams Classic and Teams.
I notice that Teams does not display the correct icon. Is it a Win32 app or a Windows app? Your screen shot leads me to believe it's a Windows app. Do you have permission to access C:\Program Files\WindowsApps? If not create a shortcut to the System Applications folder using the following directions.
How to create a shortcut for the system "Applications" folder.
(which is unaccessible otherwise)
Create a NEW Shortcut and then enter the location as follows:
"C:\Windows\explorer.exe Shell:AppsFolder"
and then name it "All Apps" or whatever else you might want to name it.
Once created click the shortcut and once the folder opens, find the Teams app and right click>Create shortcut. You can't create a shortcut in this folder, but you will have the option to create it on the Desktop.
Does this shortcut open the app?
Once you have this shortcut created, drag it to this folder "C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs." It should now appear in the All Apps list on the Start11 menu. You might have to restart Explorer for it to appear.
Now right click on this shortcut in the All Apps list and select "Pin to Start11."
Does it now open the app correctly without error?