Well its a lot like insurgents in the real world. Not trying to bring in politics, but one of the best examples is the US helped supply the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1980s to fight the invading Soviet Union, 10-15 years later the US invades Afghanistan to fight the same people they gave weapons to. They're meant to ensure your enemy keeps all of his gravity wells fortified of else take some damage, but its really not all that effective of a research, especially for tier 8.

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So I still don't get why the forces who arrive at the enemy planets don't attack anything but me...If I'm the one who did the research to get the Insurgency to happen in the first place why do they only attack me and not the defences or ships of the enemy???  What is the benefit of Insurgency???

Presumably only once they've researched Truce Amongst Rogues?

Should the rebels created by Insurgency be immune to T.A.R? ie, they really are always hostile.

Otherwise, Insurgency would have the opposite effect - "here, have some free militia defending your planets that will probably attack me if I invade"