1.Stats below are in resources-per-second.
Orbital Extractor:
Slow - 0.4
Normal - 0.46
Fast - 0.52
Neutral Extractor:
Slow - 0.53
Normal - 0.61
Fast - 0.69
Orbital Extractors are affected by their home planet's allegiance(35-100% of base production), and tech(up to 40% bonus). Neutral Extractors are affected by tech, but not allegiance.
2.They're base rates for all rocks of their kind. They are affected only by allegiance/tech/settings and refineries.
3.No, not rates. They only influence the number and type of asteroids. Volcanic planets have 2-3 metal asteroids and Ice planets have 2-3 crystal asteroids. Terran/Desert/Asteroid(habitable version) planets have 1 of each now in 1.03.
4.TEC Orbital Refineries and Vasari Matter Processors send cargo ships to extractors within their gravity well or in an adjacent gravity well, and give a flat resource-per-second boost to the extractors which they serve.
Orbital Extractor:
Slow - 0.06 per refinery(p/r)
Normal - 0.07 p/r
Fast - 0.08 p/r
Neutral Extractor:
Slow - 0.08 p/r
Normal - 0.09 p/r
Fast - 0.1 p/r
Orbital extractors can serve up to 3 refineries, and neutral extractors can serve up to 4 refineries. Stacking is a non-issue with these refineries since they are fixed into refinery quotients by the extractors they serve.
The Advent system works in a
completely different manner. They get a Tier 4 technology called Resource Focus, which gives their Trade Ports an ability of the same name. This ability, when toggled on, causes the Trade Port to suspend it's trade ship operations, and instead gives an 8% boost to the extraction rate of all the orbital extractors
within the same gravity well only. There is no complicated refinery quotient, and no vulnerable cargo ships are involved. Just a simple percentage bonus. This bonus can be raised from 8% to 25% by researching the Tier 7 Enhanced Focus technology.
Whether the Resource Focus ability stacks or not, I don't know.
5./6.See above.
7.Destroying a Trade Ship/Trade Drone gives you a bit of cash. Destroying a Refinery Ship must give you a bit of metal/crystal, though I don't know exactly. Also, any capital ship of yours within the gravity well will get a tiny bit of experience regardless of what unit you used to actually shoot the cargo ship. They are best killed by Fighter Squadrons

.