Here is the information requested:
Screenshot

Edition Windows 11 Pro
Version 24H2
Installed on 10/07/2024
OS build 26100.2894
Serial number PF3RQCXZ
Experience Windows Feature Experience Pack 1000.26100.36.0
As pelaird indicated, I was able to confirm that the weather widget that also shows the local news, is only shown when I choose the left aligned icons on the task bar. It does not show in any other taskbar configuration.
Also, I can inform that the weather widget, as the screenshot shows, disappears at times.
The only way to get it back, so far, is to select some other icon configuration (center aligned, left aligned start button with center icons) and then select the left aligned option again.