On considering option 1 this is probably done this way because fuel is not taken into account on the game. The current idea is unrealistic. What would create range is fuel assuming you were going into a strait line. Since most ships don't, what should be done instead the movement points each turn should be subtracted from the total allotted movement points for the ship. Besides an engine module there needs to be a fuel module. There should be a new tech path fuel, both the quality of fuel and fuel tank can be taken into account. You should be allowed to load as many tanks as you have room. 

2. I agree that all the colonists would be sent back to their home planet if the colony ship is sold, unless the population isfull. Then instead of letting colonists die of starvation they would be sent to another planet.

It would be members of the other race who choose to become members of your civilization.  Not unlike how ships in the days of piracy a ship could be crewed by deserters or criminals for the purpose of starting a new life.   Think for example of the Cuban exiles going to Florida or the early settlers going to Australia.   Another example, would be the White Russians who fled during the Russian revolution or the Vietnamese who fled to the U.S after the fall of Saigon.  These immigrants brought with them ideas and know how from their culture.

Dissidents, criminals, undesirables of a civilization could take the occasion to leave their home world.  Perhaps giving your civilization access to selected boxes on that races's tech tree.   When your civilization contains members of different races, it could open up new tech boxes which are only available when you have citizens from different races in your colony.  

For example, if you have Yor and Drengins, you could have boxes available to you which is not available to either race but whose combination makes it possible. 

Much like the way that Muslims Moors expelled from Spain helped spark the renaissance in Italy because they brought with them not only science texts of the Arab world but had preserved with them many ancient Greek texts which had been lost to Europe.

4. In the real world we have mid air refuelers. To figure it out it would be contrasted with carriers and airbases. Carriers beingstar bases, and airbases being colonies. Mid air refuelers being that. Beyond that I dosn't know the specifics. 

5. Don't know. Would the ship carry the needed stuff. Maybe with a scout ship. You would have to explain why you have this technology. In the real world you can't just park a fighter at an oil well and refuel, soI would have to probably say no. Voyager or Stargate universe is a special situation where they are by themselves.

5b. Yes for reason above.

5c. If you have star base or mid air refueler no, because one ween should be long enough.

6. Never thought about that. That would depend on theconsistency of fuel. If it were solid fuel there would be no way to shut off the fuel. This actually require stages, or actually different fuel tanks. If it were liquid you could shut if off. The terrains currently endorse solid fuel because if was deemed safer after the challenger explosion. But there is no reason to think that in a parallel history that liquid fuel wouldn't be endorsed, so to answer. Some would only require fuel to speed up, slow down, turn, or stop, because of liquid fuel. This could be balanced by a chance the ship will explode. While others would have solid fuel where no the fuel in one tank would constantly be used up with the ability to store multiple tanks where once one tank ran out of fuel the other would not have to be turned on untill you either needed to stop, turn, speed up, or slow down. Meaning it depends on whose ships are being built. The fuel consumption would staythe ssame, even though you traded the ship. This would require a possible retooling cost when you purchased the ship, or maybe the one selling the ship could sell you a refueling in his territory when you need it for whatever cost he set.

7. To bad so sad, but under these rules he would not move. You would still get sensor information if youson,t dispand it.

This would open up new path's to research. I would recommend reading each question with it's respective answer to help you make sense of my response. The reason for the last sentence is for those other people reading this post.

That works in considering that instead of using all your fuel when you are low you go to the nearest star base or refueling ship. Refueling could be a star base module that can be added or a ship module. You would have to have a supply lane like but, a different color than trade lanes. Which could be raided.