First, can anyone tell me what technology unlocks this particular ship component?
Using Arcean tech tree:
Space Weapons -> Advanced Fire Control -> Advanced Battle Stations
Second, why did it appear on my ship when I clicked to upgrade the original ship in the shipyard? Is this a bug that it added it?
I don't know. Given that we weren't there when it happened, we can't say for sure.
Third, if I want to add this component to other ships, where do I locate it in the ship building area? I've searched weapons, defenses, and modules without being able to locate it.
You can't find it (and like modules) if its already installed on your ship. You need to remove this module first before you can find it (any others like it).
That said, you should find it in the modules section. Click the "Advanced" tab to see most of the new TA modules.
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You may wish to read this guide for more information on TA related material.
TA 101
